COMMUNICATION
RESOURCES FOR AVIAN INFLUENZA PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
Prepared for
Health Communicators
in Latin America and the Caribbean Region
The authorsÕ views expressed in this publication do
not necessarily reflect the views
of the United States Agency for International
Development of the United States Government.
Introduction
to the Resources
3
Feedback 56
This document represents an inaugural effort to identify and organize information about avian influenza communication resources that could be valuable to health communicators and others who are working to meet, or if possible, prevent the communication challenges that an avian or bird flu pandemic would bring to the people and the public health systems of the countries in Latin American and the Caribbean region.
Already the people of Asia are experiencing avian flu challenges. Resources for communicating prevention and containment messages have been developed. Some countries, which have not yet experienced avian flu, have made detailed communication plans and are initiating public health campaigns to encourage basic hygiene practices that can help prevent the spread of diseasesÑincluding avian flu. The leading international organizations for human and animal health as well as many ministries or departments that serve the public health and/or animal health have established avian flu Websites or WebPages. These resourcesÑinstantly available via the InternetÑmake the most current scientific information and communication materials available globally in a timely manner.
More than 130 entries have been selected for this first bibliography or catalog of resources. Every effort has been made to identify materials that were developed by scientifically reliable sources and that are readily available online. Almost all entries include a Website address and specific URL for the item(s) described.
Each of the items collected for this first edition of Communication Resources for Avian Influenza Preparedness and Response have been classified into one of the following five categories:
I. Community, Workplace, and School Resources
II. Communications Planning Resources
III. Communications Capacity Building Resources
IV. Website Resources
V. Resources for Creating Materials
General comments about the materials in each of the five categories are provided on the next two pages as a preface to the bibliographic citations and annotations, which begin on page 6.
I.
Community, Workplace, and School Resources.
This section provides more than 50 examples of avian influenza prevention materials that are drawn from both the human and animal health sectors. These resources (posters, fact sheets, kits, brochures and leaflets, broadcast radio and television PSAs, and Websites) are tools that a health communicator use as references or can promote for use in community settings such as workplaces, schools, markets, libraries, religious and other public gathering places, as well as through radio and television outlets. A single bibliographic entry may describe a poster, a kit that contains six or more different elements, or a full-scale prevention initiative.
Many of the materials in this section originated in the Asian Pacific region, which is currently experiencing outbreaks of avian influenza. Even though some items may not be directly applicable for Latin American and Caribbean region, they can inspire culturally appropriate adaptations. More than a third of the entries in this category are already available in Spanish.
II.
Communications Planning Resources
This section describes more than a dozen Latin American national pandemic preparedness plansÑin draft or final versionÑthat incorporate communications planning. Most of these plans are in Spanish. Some are not yet available online. In addition, this section presents four separate national avian influenza communications plans (Brazil, Guatemala, Peru) that provide more communications strategy detail than the overall national pandemic plans, which they accompany. Planning resources from the World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, and CARE USA are included, which provide tools (checklists, tips, and assessments), guidance, and recommendations for creating communications strategies and plans, as well as comprehensive national preparedness plans.
III.
Communications Capacity Building Resources
Communications capacity building resources include primers, PowerPoint slide presentations, a training video, training manuals, guides, and handbooks, which can be used as self instructional materials or for training others. Every item listed in this section is instantly accessible onlineÑfor preview or to download as oneÕs own file. Some items in this section are available in Spanish, French, and Portuguese.
IV.
Website Resources
Two dozen Websites were chosen for this section, each of which contains substantial sections devoted to avian influenza. Many of these Websites are virtual libraries (e.g., the National Library of Medicine that can be searched from a computer in any part of the Globe). A number of these Websites (for example the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization) are updated almost daily to maintain the most current outbreak information. Many of these Websites include Spanish language materials; some have a Spanish language version of the entire Website.
V.
Resources for Creating Materials
Resources to help health communicators create avian influenza prevention materials include prevention message points, photograph sources, and clipart and other image sources. All listed items are accessible online. Most of the resources are free-of-charge.
Section divider page to be inserted
here.
Academy for Educational Development. (no date). The workplace guide for managers: avian influenza. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. The table of contents and introduction may be previewed online at http://avianflu.aed.org/docs/ai_toc&introductionjuly06.pdf (accessed August 31, 2006). For a complete copy of the guide, send your request to tmichaelides@aed.org.
This document provides guidance and resources on three
distinct areas: 1) how to address and control avian influenza in the animal
population; 2) how to address possible Òbreakout transmissionÓ of avian
influenza to humans; and 3) how to address the possibility of an influenza
pandemic. The Guide provides a systematic approach to developing workplace
preparedness plans as well as workplace avian influenza prevention and support
programs. Preview the table of
contents and introduction at http://avianflu.aed.org/docs/
ai_toc&introductionjuly06.pdf (accessed August 31, 2006). For a complete copy of the
Guide, send your request to tmichaelides@aed.org
(44)
Australian Government Department of Health and
Ageing (Website of). Health alerts and avian influenza (also called bird
flu) Webpage. Canberra,
Australia: Australian Department of Health. Go to www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/
publishing.nsf/Content/Health+Alerts-1 (accessed August 31, 2006).
The ÒHealth AlertÓ section of AustraliaÕs Department of
Health and Ageing Website lists information on past and current health alerts.
The avian influenza (AI) link includes frequently asked questions; latest news;
what the Australian government is doing; and advice for medical practitioners.
The ÒAvian Influenza (also called Bird Flu)Ó Webpage: www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/
Content/health-avian_influenza-index.htm (accessed August 31, 2006)
contains information for the general public, health professionals, livestock,
and industry. This page also includes detailed information for medical
professionals such as guidance, advice, and information kits on preparing for a
pandemic. The kits provide description of AI cases, infection control, and
personal protective equipment. The pandemic influenza section has links to
press releases, speeches, and information on pandemic influenza, including
frequently asked questions, the governmentÕs plan for health preparedness and
response, guidelines for healthcare and community settings, and clinical
guidelines. There is a link to
a ÒPrepared and ProtectedÓ interactive DVD on minimizing
health risks during a pandemic. This audiovisual resource includes information
on infection control, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, using a face
mask, and using gloves that can also be viewed as poster-like fact sheets.
Website: www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/
Health+Alerts-1 (accessed August 31, 2006). (17)
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). Avisos: afiches. San Jose, Costa Rica: CCSS. Download at www.ccss.sa.cr/ccssavss.htm (accessed August 7, 2006).
The Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) is the
social security institution of Costa Rica providing health insurance (social
insurance). The CCSS has developed two posters downloadable from their Website.
One targets health care workers emphasizing the need to wash hands to protect
patients and themselves. The other poster is on proper sneezing etiquettes and
targets the general public. Preview and download at www.ccss.sa.cr/ccssavss.htm
(accessed August 7, 2006). (32)
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). Campa–as de salud: videos. Costa Rica: CCSS. Download at www.ccss.sa.cr/videos/videos.html (accessed August 7, 2006).
The Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) is the
social security institution of Costa Rica providing health insurance (social
insurance). The CCSS has developed video public service announcements as part
of a public health campaign called ÒWashing Hands.Ó One video targets the
general public and adults, another targets children, and the third video is for
parents. Preview and download at www.ccss.sa.cr/videos/videos.html
(accessed August 7,
2006). (31)
Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS). Gripe aviar. San Jose, Costa Rica: CCSS. Download at www.ccss.sa.cr/avisos-rapidos/gripe-avial/gripe-avial.htm (accessed August 7, 2006).
The Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) is the
social security institution of Costa Rica providing health insurance (social
insurance). The CCSS has created two brochures (downloadable from their
Website) that target the general public and emphasize the need to prepare for a
potential influenza pandemic. Also downloadable is an influenza pandemic
preparedness plan for health care workers, which provides guidelines for
dealing with infected people during a pandemic. Preview and download at www.ccss.sa.cr/avisos-rapidos/gripe-avial/gripe-avial.htm
(accessed August 7, 2006). (2)
CARE International in
Vietnam. 2005. Bird flu
awareness campaign (Television PSAs, booklet, descriptions of CARE Vietnam
activities).
Hanoi, Vietnam: CARE International. Preview or download materials at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html
(accessed August 31, 2006).
The Bird Flu Awareness Campaign materials are created for persons who come in contact with birds, especially domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, and geese. The televisions spots employ color photography and are narrated in Vietnamese with English subtitles. How to recognize and prevent avian influenza in poultry and humans is a 24-page, instructional guidebook. This booklet is written for those who work with poultry and other birds. It is organized in three parts: 1. How to recognize avian influenza infection in your poultry; 2. How to prevent your poultry from becoming infected with the avian influenza virus; and 3. How to prevent humans from becoming infected with avian influenza. These, and materials developed for other countries as well as CARE Vietnam, can be previewed or downloaded at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html (accessed August 31, 2006). (58)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (no
date). Preventing the flu: stopping the spread of germs at home, work
& school (seasonal flu
prevention/health hygiene) Atlanta, GA: CDC. Preview and download at
www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/stopgerms.htm
and/or www.cdc.gov/
flu/espanol (accessed August 31, 2006).
The seasonal flu section of the CDC Website contains a
number of downloadable materials that can be reproduced as posters and flyers.
The messages are simple and straight forward, and they are illustrated with
interesting photographs or graphic illustration. Although not avian influenza
specific, the generic health hygiene messages are appropriate for developing
habits that are directly relevant to preventing avian influenza as well.
Preview and download at www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/stopgerms.htm
and/or www.cdc.gov/flu/espanol
(accessed August 31, 2006). (124)
Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, United Nations ChildrenÕs Fund (UNICEF CEE/CIS). ResourcesÑavian flu posters and leaflets. Geneva, Switzerland: UNICEF CEE/CIS. Preview and download at www.unicef.org/ceecis/resources_4009.html (accessed August 7, 2006).
This Website provides downloadable posters and leaflets that were developed for Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. These tools can play a role in preventing and preparing for pandemic flu; children and families are the main audiences. The posters and leaflets provided are produced by UNICEF country offices in the region, including Turkey, Romania, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. (34)
Department of Health (Website of). Avian influenza (bird flu): IEC materials. Manila, Philippines: Department of Health. Available at www.doh.gov.ph/avian/iec.htm (accessed August 2, 2006).
This Website is part of the PhilippineÕs Department of Health avian influenza section and provides avian influenza (AI) information, education, and communication (IEC) materials to download. Flyers and posters on AI include: frequently asked questions, what the public should know, what the media should know, how poultry owners and industry workers can protect themselves, what travelers should know, cough manners, and proper hand washing. In addition, there are flyers that provide reference guides for preparedness and response for local chief executives and emergency teams; and reference guides for the prevention, control and management of AI in the community and the hospital setting. (49)
Department of Health, United Kingdom. October 2005. Pandemic
flu: important information for you and your family (16-page brochure). London, England: Department of Health, United
Kingdom. Available for download at
www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4121631&chk=vR4A92
(accessed August 1, 2006).
This 16-page brochure is attractively produced in
English, with translations of the text provided in an additional 20 languages,
including Spanish, Portuguese, and French. The text describes pandemic flu, the
risk of it occurring in the UK, what makes it different from the ÒordinaryÓ flu
we get every winter, and what the UK is doing to prepare for a possible flu
pandemic. Additional information: important prevention habits, Websites and
phone numbers for more information, and the alert: ÒIn the event of a flu
pandemic there will be announcements on the television, radio and in the
newspapers.Ó (128)
Diario El Pa’s S.L. (Website of). Animations and graphics on avian influenza: La expanci—n del virus H5N1; Pa’ses con casos de gripe aviar en humanos; Virus de la gripe aviar; Esquema de la propagaci—n de la gripe aviar; Medidas que se deben adopter ante un brote de gripe aviar. Madrid, Spain: Elpais.es. Preview or download at www.elpais.es/todo-sobre/tema/gripe/aviar/121/ (accessed August 4, 2006).
This is the Website of the Spanish newspaper ÒEl Pa’s.Ó As of August 4, 2006, there are three animations and two graphics dealing with the global avian influenza (AI) issue that are available to download. These are useful tools for health educators and health communicators as educational material for a large variety of audiences such as the general public and school students. The animations include the global spread of the H5N1 virus, adequate containment and control measures taken in case of AI outbreak in animals, and AI virus genetics and spread history. The graphics include countries with human cases of AI, and how the AI virus spreads from animals to humans. Download animation and graphic files at www.elpais.es/todo-sobre/tema/gripe/aviar/121/ (accessed August 4, 2006). (39)
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases. (no date). Protect poultryÑprotect people: basic advice for stopping the spread of avian flu. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This document is downloadable as a PDF; go to www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//207623/FAO_HPAI_messages.pdf (accessed July 24, 2006).
This booklet of basic advice is written in language appropriate
for audiences that range from poultry keepers, veterinarians, and culling teams
to the general public. The messages and information are not intended as rules
that must be followed but as advice that can be adapted to fit local
situations. Advice is provided in
separate sections for those who keep poultry, for those who sell poultry, for
those who provide animal health services, for cullers, for hunters, for keepers
of sporting birds, and for Òeveryone.Ó (91)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (Website of). Knowledge forum, H5N1 avian influenza. Rome, Italy: FAO. Website at www.fao.org (accessed August 30, 2006).
The H5N1 Avian Influenza section of the WebsiteÕs
Knowledge Forum is a rich resource on the animal health dimension of avian
influenza (AI). Communicators can access the latest international animal health
information and data, capture photographs to use in publications and other
forms of mass communication, download sound bites for broadcast, review the
most recent issue of the AI Bulletin, and follow the projected socio-economic
impact of AI. Go to www.fao.org and click on
the H5N1 avian influenza button in the Òknowledge forumÓ area. (accessed August
30, 2006). (90)
Health, Welfare, and Food Bureau. Government of Hong Kong (Website of). (updated frequently). Prevention of avian influenza. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Health, Welfare and Food Bureau. Available at www.info.gov.hk/info/flu/eng (accessed July 25, 2006).
The Health, Welfare, and Food Bureau of the Government of Hong Kong maintains an extensive Website on avian influenza, with information/advice for the Hong Kong community, health professionals, trade (business community/employers), teaches, students, and parents, and tourists and travelers. Health communicators will find examples of many communication tools: posters, leaflets, fact sheets, frequently asked questions, PowerPoint slide presentations for health professionals, and communication guidance for schools, including how to involve families in preparedness planning and sample letters from the schools/teachers to parents alerting them to special precautions or school closings and how to maintain contact (e.g. by telephone) during those periods. (43)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Business and industry planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab4.html (accessed July 28, 2006).
The Business and Industry Planning section of the
PandemicFlu.gov Website serves as a resource for business owners, employers,
employees, and health communicators to obtain information on pandemic flu planning
and preparedness. There are
guidelines and a checklist developed by the Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to
assist businesses in planning for a pandemic outbreak. Health communicators can
pass on these tools to large businesses, which will play a key role in
protecting employee health and safety as well as limiting the negative impact
to the economy and society. The checklist identifies important, specific,
activities that large businesses can do at the pre-pandemic phase to prepare,
many of which will also help them in other emergencies. Section 1.5 on the
checklist deals specifically with internal communication and education
concerns. Preview and download material www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab4.html
(accessed July 28, 2006) (24)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Community planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab7.html (accessed July 31, 2006).
The Community Planning section of the PandemicFlu.gov
Website serves as a resource for the general public and community organizations
in planning for an influenza pandemic. There is a preparedness planning
checklist for faith-based and community organizations, which highlights health
communication and health education planning procedures. In addition, there is a link to the
Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) units providing guidance to help their communities
prepare for a pandemic. Preview or download at http://pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab7.html
(accessed July 31,
2006). (101)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Federal planning & response activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at http://pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab1.html (accessed July 28, 2006).
The Federal Planning section of the PandemicFlu.gov Website serves as a resource for the general public and health communicators to obtain information on pandemic flu activities, preparedness, and response strategies that are currently in place at the federal level of the U.S. Government. This Website provides information for federal employees and employers in terms of benefits, rights, and responsibilities in preparing or responding to a pandemic flu. There are links to: the National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza; the Implementation Plan for National Strategy (overview available in Spanish); pandemic flu planning and preparedness updates; pandemic flu development and research activities; news updates and press releases; and other federal agency activities on pandemic planning and preparedness, Download at Website: pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab1.html (accessed July28, 2006). (94)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Health care planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab6.html (accessed July 31, 2006).
The Health Care Planning section of the PandemicFlu.gov Website serves as a resource for health care providers and health care service organizations in planning for an influenza pandemic. There are tools for health communication and planning such as preparedness checklists for clinics, providers, and services; a toolkit for clinicians to use in communicating pandemic flu with patients; World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for infection control for health care workers; and planning guidance for Medical Reserve Corps Units. Download at Website: www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab6.html (accessed July 31, 2006). (97)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Individuals and family planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab3.html (accessed July 28, 2006).
The Individuals and Family Planning section of the PandemicFlu.gov Website is a resource for health communicators and for individuals and families to obtain information on pandemic flu planning and preparedness. This section explores the challenges that individuals and families may encounter during a pandemic and suggests possible ways to address these. Tools provided include a personal planning checklist, fill-in sheets for family health information, an emergency contact information form, and a complete guide for individuals and families containing all said tools and other related information. View Website at pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab3.html (accessed July 28, 2006). (37)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: Schools planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab5.html (accessed July 31, 2006).
The Schools Planning section of the andemicFlu.gov
Website is a resource for schools and educational agencies in planning for an
influenza pandemic. There are tools for health communication and for developing
and/or improving pandemic preparedness plans, such as checklists for childcare
and preschool, the school district (K-12), and colleges and universities. A
link to the U.S. Department of Education Website on emergency planning accesses
tools to assist in health communication, planning for staff and student
absences, and maintaining a learning environment during a pandemic. View at http://pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab5.html
(accessed July 31, 2006). (68)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). PandemicFlu.gov: State and local government planning & response activities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/tab2.htm (accessed July 31, 2006).
The State and Local Government Planning & Response
Activities section of the PandemicFlu.gov Website is a resource for the general
public and health communicators for information on preparedness and response
strategies that are currently in place at the state and local levels of the
U.S. Government. This Website provides background and historical information on
pandemics, state-by-state pandemic information, state pandemic plans, and state
antiviral allocation. Tools for downloading include a state and local pandemic
influenza planning checklist (with a section for public health communications)
and important state contacts such as the department of agriculture, wildlife,
and public health. View at www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/
tab2.htm (accessed July 31, 2006). (69)
KidsHealth (Website of). February 2006. Bird flu (avian flu) (Webpage). Wilmington, DE: Nemours Foundation Center for ChildrenÕs Health Media. Go to www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/avian_flu.htl (accessed August 9, 2006).
This physician-reviewed health information Website has
three portals: one for parents, one for teens, and one for children. The Bird
Flu (Avian Flu) Web page can be accessed through any one of the three portals.
Some of the Bird Flu subtopics include: What is avian flu? How do birds spread
the flu to other birds? How has avian flu spread to humans? Should I stop
eating chicken and turkey? Can my pet bird get infected with the avian
flu? The content of the Bird Flu
story on each of the three different Web pages has been tailored for age
appropriateness. The Bird Flu Web page also includes a movie that can be
watched online: Òinside the avian fluÓ (Macromedia flash). Go to www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/
sick/avian_flu.htl (accessed August 9, 2006). (29)
Latin-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (Website of). Influenza aviaria (Website portal). Sao Paolo, Brazil: BIRMEME/PAHO/WHO. http://influenza.bvsalud.org (accessed August 31, 2006).
This Website is a developing project for the operation of
information services, for authorities, specialists such as health
communicators, and the general public in the area of avian influenza (AI). The
Website provides access to relevant information to support the decision-making
process on monitoring, prevention, and control of AI outbreaks. Information
includes: AI news; relevant site catalog; directory of congresses, symposia,
and meetings; scientific and technical literature; questions and answers; alert
and epidemiological reports; international guidelines; and access to national
preparedness plans. Available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese at http://influenza.bvsalud.org (accessed
August 31, 2006). (193)
Life Sciences Office, Center for Technology and National Security Policy (CTNSP), National Defense University. August 2005. Bird flu and you (poster). Washington, DC: CTNSP. Preview and download at www.ndu.edu/CTNSP/Bird_flu.htm (accessed August 4, 2006).
This poster is Òa quick guide to protecting yourself and your family from bird (pandemic) flu.Ó Topics include what you need to know about seasonal and pandemic flu (including H5N1 avian flu), frequently asked questions, and what you can do to control infection and protect yourself. There is a shortened version of the poster that is available to download and only includes the infection control section of the main poster. Both the poster and the shortened version are available in English, Spanish, Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, German, French, Japanese, and Portuguese, and can be downloaded at www.ndu.edu/CTNSP/Bird_flu.htm (accessed August 4, 2006). (40)
Ministry of Agriculture and Supply, Brazil. (no
date). Information for consumers on avian influenza (brochure). Bras’lia, Brazil: Ministry
of Agriculture and Supply. Download at www.agricultura.gov.br/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MAPA/
PROGRAMAS/AREA_ANIMAL/PNSA/FOLDER_TURISTA.PDF (accessed August 24, 2006).
This colorful brochure provides information for travelers
on avian influenza (AI), including how AI is transmitted, personal preventive
measures, and how to help prevent AI from entering the country. Available in
Portuguese at www.agricultura.gov.br/pls/portal/docs/
PAGE/MAPA/PROGRAMAS/AREA_ANIMAL/PNSA/FOLDER_TURISTA.PDF (accessed August
24, 2006). (92)
Ministry of Agriculture and Supply, Brazil. (no date). Information for farmers on avian influenza (brochure). Bras’lia, Brazil: Ministry of Agriculture and Supply. Download at www.agricultura.gov.br/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MAPA/PROGRAMAS/AREA_ANIMAL/PNSA/FOLDER_PRODUTOR.PDF (accessed August 21, 2006).
This colorful brochure provides information for poultry
owners and farmers on avian influenza (AI) in birds, signs of AI in poultry,
how they can protect their poultry from AI, and what to do in case AI is
suspected. Available in Portuguese at www.agricultura.gov.br/pls/
portal/docs/PAGE/MAPA/PROGRAMAS/AREA_ANIMAL/PNSA/FOLDER_PRODUTOR.PDF
(accessed August 21, 2006). (95)
Ministry of Health, Costa Rica. (no date). Mi salud esta en Ámis manos! (booklet). San JosŽ, Costa Rica: Ministry of Health. Download at www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/materialeducativo/misaludestaesmismanos.pdf (accessed August 8, 2006).
This booklet, produced by the Ministry of Health of Costa
Rica, is a prevention resource for children on the importance of clean hands.
Cartoon characters speak of why it is important to have clean hands, how to properly
wash hands, and the need to trim fingernails. Download booklet at www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/materialeducativo/
misaludestaesmismanos.pdf (accessed August 8, 2006). (26)
Ministry
of Health and Environment, Argentina. (no date). Avian flu
pandemic influenza (booklet). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministry of Health
and Environment.
This booklet from the Ministry of Health in Argentina is
both in Spanish and English. Information provided includes: ArgentinaÕs
preparedness to face avian and pandemic flu; prevention of seasonal influenza
(plus vaccination advocacy) and the difference between seasonal, avian, and
pandemic flu; guidelines for preparation of safe food and advice for travelers.
The booklet is not available for downloading, however this information may be
accessed at www.msal.gov.ar/htm/site/gripe_aviar/site/se_prepara.asp
(accessed July 25, 2006). (9)
National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC). April 23, 2006. Dateline: ÒOutbreak: Could it happen here?Ó New York, NY: NBC. Related interactive educational tools available at www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12421341 (accessed August 8, 2006).
This hour-long television news broadcast presents an
in-depth look at what would happen if a virus like the avian influenza virus
caused a pandemic. A panel of more than 15 experts were consulted in the
development of the report. More information and interactive tools accompany the
program at its Website: www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12421341
(accessed August 8, 2006). The broadcast is available for purchase in DVD or
VHS format by calling 1-866-NBC-TAPE
($34.95). (42)
National Chicken Council, National Turkey Federation, and Egg Safety Center (Website of). Avian influenza info. Washington, DC: National Chicken Council, National Turkey Federation, and Egg Safety Center. Available at www.avianinfluezainfo.com (accessed August 4, 2006).
This Website provides information on avian influenza (AI)
in poultry and on safety measures that the U.S. poultry industry is taking to
protect poultry flocks and the food supply from avian influenza. The Website
contains resources for health communicators, health educators, and the media
such as brochures, flyers, a counter card, posters, and a video that can be
used to help educate people about avian influenza. These communication tools
are intended for various audiences such as poultry consumers, employees, and
the general public. The Website provides background information on AI, news and
Òwhat othersÓ say on AI, frequently asked questions, links to authoritative
sources, and contact information to major poultry agencies. Go to www.avianinfluenzainfo.com
(accessed August 4, 2006). (200)
National Public Radio (NPR). Audio recordings of avian influenza topics from past NPR programs. Washington, DC: National Public Radio. Search by key words (e.g. Òavian fluÓ) on the NPR home page, and listen to audio program clips at www.npr.org (accessed August 3, 2006).
This Website is a great resource for student research
projects as well as for adults who are interested in the many human and animal
health dimensions of avian influenza.
Most of these program ÒclipsÓ are interviews with people Òin the field.Ó A key word search on August 3, 2006,
using the term Òavian influenza,Ó yielded more than 40 relevant recordings.
Examples: from Talk of the Nation: Ò
Bird flu transferred from human to human;Ó from Day to Day, ÒScientists look for signs of bird flu in Alaska,Ó
and from All Things Considered,
ÒU.S. farmers prepare for arrival of Asian bird flu.Ó Listen online at www.npr.org (accessed August 3, 2006). Text
transcripts are also available for a nominal fee. (3)
New Zealand Ministry of Health. (no date). Audio and video public service announcements for radio and television. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ministry of Health. Preview and download at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/pandemicinfluenza-resources-videoandaudio#infectioncontrol (accessed August 2, 2006).
The New Zealand Ministry of Health has produced four television public service announcements (PSAs) (15 seconds each) and four radio PSAs (15 seconds each), for English-speaking and Maori audiences, which carry prevention (basic hygiene) and preparedness messages. Three radio PSAs are available for Pacific Island audience (Samoa, Cook Island, Tonga). These resources may be previewed and downloaded www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/pandemicinfluenza-resources-videoandaudio#infectioncontrol (accessed August 2, 2006). (119)
New Zealand Ministry of Health. December 2005. Stop the spread of flu germs (poster). Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health. Preview and download at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/pandemicinfluenza-resources/ (accessed August 17, 2006).
This colorful, illustrated poster promotes four
prevention behaviors: 1) Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough
or sneeze. 2) Put your used tissue in the rubbish bin or in a plastic bag. 3)
Wash and dry your hands often, especially after coughing or sneezing, and use
soap. 4) Stay away from others if youÕre sick. Excellent for posting on
bulletin boards and in wash rooms in schools, workplaces, transportation
terminals, grocery stores, clinicsÑvirtually any public area. The poster is available as a
free-of-charge downloadable (PDF) file, in English, Maori, Arabic, Chinese,
Cook Island, Hindi, Korean, Samoan, and Tongan at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/
pandemicinfluenza-resources/ (accessed August 17, 2006). (118)
New Zealand Ministry of Health. March 2006. Getting ready for a flu pandemic (brochure). Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health. Preview and download at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/pandemicinfluenza-resources (accessed August 18, 2006).
A colorful, illustrated, one sheet (front-and-back)
ÒreadinessÓ brochure, developed by New ZealandÕs Ministry of Health. The text
and illustrations carry a basic hygiene message, suggest having a plan,
building an emergency supplies kit, and discuss vaccinations. The brochureÑin
English, Maori, Arabic, Chinese, Cook Islander, Hindi, Korean, Samoan, and TonganÑis available as a
downloadable PDF, free-of-charge, at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/
pandemicinfluenza/ (accessed August 19, 2006). (117)
Nuzhat Shahzadi. 2006. ZandiÕs song: an avian flu education kit. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development. Preview and download at http//:avianflu.aed.org/zandi.htm (accessed July 24, 2006).
ZandiÕs Song is an avian flu education kit designed for
use in a variety of African settings to raise awareness about avian influenza
and to engage young people in educating their communities about the disease.
The kit includes a brightly illustrated childrenÕs story, ZandiÕs Song, a
teacherÕs guide, avian influenza fact sheet, colorful posters and bookmarks. It
is available in English, French and Portuguese and may be downloaded free of
charge at www.aed.org/avianflu
(accessed July 24, 2006). These resources may be adapted and distributed
subject to a simple licensing agreement, which is available online. (76)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (website of). Pandemic influenza (Website). Washington, DC: PAHO. Available at www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/cd/flu-pan.htm/ (accessed July 20, 2006).
This is PAHOÕs main Website for information and guidelines related to pandemic influenza. Within this Website there is a link to the Avian Influenza and the Seasonal Influenza sites within PAHO. Website in English: www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/cd/flu-pan.htm Website in Spanish: www.paho.org/spanish/ad/dpc/cd/flu-pan.htm (192)
Patient Education Institute, Inc. February 2006. Avian influenza or
bird flu interactive tutorial. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine, National
Institutes of Health. Available in English at www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
tutorials/avianflu/htm/_no_100_no_0.htm and in Spanish at www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/tutorials/avianfluspanish/htm/index.htm
(accessed August 9, 2006).
This audiovisual tutorial on avian flu is available from
the worldÕs largest medical libraryÑonline and free-of-charge. The tutorial is
presented in succinct sections or modules: introduction, viruses, avian flu
viruses, symptoms, treatment, prevalence, future risk, prevention tips, and a conclusion. The user can
easily move forward or backward at his or her own pace. English: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/avianflu/htm/
_no_100_no_0.htm and Spanish: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
spanish/tutorials/avianfluspanish/htm/index.htm (accessed August 9, 2006). (48)
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (Website of). (updated frequently). TeacherÕs source (Webpage). Arlington, VA: Public Broadcasting Service. Available at www.pbs.org/teachersource (accessed July 20, 2006).
Resources for teachers in this section of the PBS Website
are drawn from across PBS programming. A keyword search, within this section,
returned 10 highly relevant items, which in addition to the specific programs,
included lessons plans, learning activities, and games to accompany the use of
those programs for high school and/or middle school. For example, viewing ideas
to accompany a NOVA scienceNOW program on pandemic influenza, includes student
sheets for making a hybrid (avian
and human) influenza A virus model with readily available materials such as
paper clips, different sizes of plastic bags, and plastic eggs; infect a model
lung cell; and make a hybrid virus that has some avian and some human RNA
segments. Beyond TeacherSource, the PBS Website has dozens of news items and
links on avian influenza that are also useful resources for teachers. Go to
Website at www.pbs.org/teachersource
(accessed July 20, 2006). (19)
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) (Website of). Avian influenza. Ottawa, Canada: PHAC. Available at www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/influenza/avian_e.html (accessed July 27, 2006).
The Avian Influenza Section of the Public Health Agency
of Canada (PHAC) Website provides information on avian influenza (AI) for the
general public. Information provided includes new global situation updates; an
AI fact sheet, which includes the disease situation in Canada and ongoing
government activities; precautionary measures in handling birds and for those
who travel to affected areas. In addition there are links to the Canadian Food
Inspection Agency and the Canadian GovernmentÕs Pandemic Flu Website. The PHAC
Website is written in the two official languages of Canada, French and English.
English: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/influenza/avian_e.html
(accessed July 27, 2006); French: www.phacaspc.gc.ca/influenza/avian_f.html
(accessed July 27, 2006). (122)
SIL International. 2005. Avian flu risk and prevention materials (poster, leaflet, fact sheet, and booklet). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Preview and download at www.sil.org/literacy/materials/health/avian_flu/downloads.htm#audio (accessed July 20, 2006).
This multimedia set of avian influenza prevention/risk communication materials (poster, leaflet, fact sheet, and booklet) is available in five languages: Bahasa Indonesia, English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish. They provide straight-forward advice that is written for general audiences. Any of these avian flu materials may be freely downloaded. The items may be used Òas-is,Ó modified, or portions may be used to produce locally appropriate materials. A permission statement (provided on the Website) should be included in the front matter of any reproduction of the materials. SIL International is a faith-based organization that studies, documents, and assists in developing the worldÕs lesser-known languages. SILÕs staff members share a Christian commitment to service, academic excellence, and professional engagement through literacy, linguistics, translation, and other academic disciplines. SIL makes its services available to all without regard to religious belief, political ideology, gender, race, or ethnic background. SIL has been granted formal consultative status by the United National International, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (21)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Bird flu posters for Ghana. Washington, DC: USAID. Material available to download under ÒGhanaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/zandi.htm (accessed August 29, 2006).
The posters provide information to teach communities the risks associated with avian influenza (AI) and proper prevention and response procedures. Three separate posters provide information on basic AI facts, economic impact, and poultry consumption facts. Material is in English and is available to download under ÒGhanaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/zandi.htm (accessed August 29, 2006). (96)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Behavior change communication tools for Vietnam (posters, booklets, leaflets, radio ads, and TV spots). Washington, DC: USAID. Material available to download under ÒVietnamÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006).
The behavior change communications program is targeted to family poultry farmers and poultry vendors in remote and rural areas in Vietnam. Posters, booklets, leaflets, radio ads and TV spots communicate to this population how to handle and manage their birds differently so they can reduce the possibilities of their birds contracting and spreading avian flu. Materials are
available in Vietnamese and English, and they are available to download under ÒVietnamÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006). (109)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Behavior change communication tools for Cambodia. Washington, DC: USAID. Materials are available for download under ÒCambodiaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006).
The behavior change communications program is targeted to family poultry farmers and poultry vendors in remote and rural areas in Cambodia. Posters, radio ads and TV spots communicate to this population how to handle and manage their birds differently so they can reduce the possibilities of their birds contracting and spreading avian flu. Material is available in English and Khmer. Download under ÒCambodiaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006). (111)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Vietnamese WomenÕs Union. Preventing bird flu in poultry and in humans (booklet and leaflet).
Washington, DC: USAID. Materials are available to download under ÒVietnamÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 29, 2006).
This material provides information for family poultry farmers, in particular the women who tend to the farm, in remote and rural areas in Vietnam. Information for prevention of bird flu in poultry and in humans includes preventive measures for birds and humans, signs and symptoms, and response measures for a suspected case or for when there is an outbreak of bird flu in poultry or in humans. The leaflet provides a summarized version of the booklet for a quick guide. Material is available in Vietnamese and English. It is available to download under VietnamÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 29, 2006). (120)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Behavior change communication tools for Indonesia (poster and brochure). Washington, DC: USAID. Material available to download under ÒIndonesiaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006).
The behavior change communications program is targeted to family poultry farmers and poultry vendors in remote and rural areas in Indonesia. One poster and one brochure communicate to this population how to handle and manage their birds differently so they can reduce the possibilities of their birds contracting and spreading avian flu. Material is available in English and Indonesian. Download under ÒIndonesiaÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/asia.htm (accessed August 24, 2006). (131)
U.S. Chamber of Commerce and Trust for AmericaÕs
Health (TFAM). 2006. ItÕs not flu as usual (booklet). Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of
Commerce and TFAH. Available to download at www.uschamber.com/NR/
rdonlyres/eb2q3qxydlavvcyxqwhc5xls2ldeas2zdibjnjpvsf5aphalsr2nd5o2c4wqzhnzw4k6auon2nmtpcyfqs3nlvvkye/bizflubrochure.pdf
(accessed July 19, 2006).
This 8-page booklet provides a communication tool that helps guide the business community through the pandemic planning and preparedness process. Information includes: potential business impact of a pandemic; what to do in the event of an outbreak; steps to keep business in business; and protecting employeesÕ health. (103)
U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Avian influenza audio gallery. Washington, DC: USDA. Go to the gallery at www.usda.gov/birdflu (click on Òaudio galleryÓ) (accessed July 25, 2006).
This Website provides public service announcements and
audio actualities (30-60 seconds) that may be used in avian influenza risk and
prevention communication. Examples of public service announcements and audio
actualities include: ÒWe have the power,Ó ÒGet the facts,Ó and ÒBird flu is not
in our country.Ó Preview and download at www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/
_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=AI_AUDIOS&parentnav=AVIAN_INFLUENZA&navtype=RT (accessed July 25, 2006). (4)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Avian influenza video gallery. Washington, DC: USDA. Go to the gallery at www.usda.gov/birdflu (click Òvideo galleryÓ) (accessed July 25, 2006).
This Website provides short videos (PSAÕs, sound bytes,
and B-roll) that may be used in basic avian influenza (AI) awareness, risk
communication, and prevention messages. Topic examples include: ÒGet the
facts,Ó ÒAI preparedness: safe handling of poultry,Ó and ÒSecretary Johanns
speaks on AI awareness.Ó Previews
and downloads at ww.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/
_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=AI_VIDEOS&parentnav=AVIAN_INFLUENZA&navtype=RT
(accessed July 25, 2006). (15)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) (Website of). Biosecurity for the birds: a national campaign to promote avian health through biosecurity. Riverdale, MD: USDA/APHIS. Available at www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/birdbiosecurity/biosecurity.html (accessed August 1, 2006).
The Website for biosecurity for the birds (a national campaign to promote avian health through biosecurity) provides an array of materials that can be used in communicating with and educating bird owners about biosecurity and bird diseases, with tips on how to recognize two diseases of concern, one of which is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Informational materials on biosecurity and HPAI are available in English and Spanish in the News Room section of the Website and the Resources/Links section, which also contains a directory of federal and state veterinary offices. Types of materials include brochures, fact sheets, videos, an online media kit (English only), graphics, photos, and print ads in Spanish, English, and Vietnamese. (82)
U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). December 2005. Avian influenza: USDA efforts and response (brochure). Washington, DC: USDA. Preview and download at www.usda.gov/documents/AvianFluBrochure.pdf (accessed July 25, 2006).
This USDA brochure, both in English and Spanish, provides
basic information on avian influenza (AI) in birds and poultry, and the history
of AI in the U.S. Also, there is information on what the USDA is doing to
protect the U.S. from AI in terms of imports of poultry and poultry products,
surveillance, research, and ways to prepare and keep food safe. Download
brochure at www.usda.gov/documents/AvianFluBrochure.pdf
and in Spanish download at www.usda.gov/documents/AI_Brochure_SPN.pdf.
For other AI resources, also go to this USDA Website: www.usda.gov/birdflu (all URLs accessed
July 27, 2006). (22)
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International
Information Programs (IIP). December 2005; revised April 2006. Meeting
the challenge of bird flu. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of State, IIP. Download in English at http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/img/assets/16117/bird%20flu_0405061.pdf
and in Spanish at http://usinfo.state.gov/esp/img/assets/4756/
120105_bird%20flu_Spanish.pdf (accessed August 2, 2006).
This 17-page booklet aims to communicate to the general public worldwide, the challenges of bird flu and how the U.S. and the world are meeting these. It is divided into three sections: 1) Commitment: understanding the challengeÑthis section discusses how the bird flu virus works and how it can be combated, and includes frequently asked questions. 2) Science: combating bird fluÑthis section discusses the importance of early diagnosis, global cooperation, and surveillance as critical to combating bird flu. 3) Response: working togetherÑthis section discusses how the U.S. and the world are responding to the threat of pandemic flu and what they are doing to prevent the spread of bird flu and a global pandemic. The booklet is available in Spanish and English. (80)
World Health Organization (WHO).
2005. Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR), avian
influenza: frequently asked questions. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Available at www.who.int/csr/disease/
avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/print.html (accessed July 20, 2006).
This fact sheet, in question and answer (Q&A) format,
gives information on avian influenza. It is available in Arabic, Chinese,
English, Spanish, and Russian for the general public. Available online at www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/index.html
(accessed July 20, 2006). (110)
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Epidemic
and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR), ten things you need to know about pandemic
influenza. Geneva,
Switzerland: WHO. Available at www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/
index.html (accessed July 20,
2006).
Ten
things you should know about pandemic influenza are explained in a short and
understandable manner. This 2-page fact sheet, written for the general public,
is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish and Russian. Website: www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html (accessed July 20, 2006). (30)
World Health Organization Regional Office for
South-East Asia (WHO/SEAR). (no date). Preventing bird flu: precautions poultry farm workers should
take (leaflet). New Delhi, India: WHO/SEAR.
Available at www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/
Avian_Flu_tips_for_poultry_workers-final.pdf (accessed July 27, 2006).
This leaflet lists precautionary measures that poultry farm workers should take to reduce their risk of getting avian influenza. The file may be enlarged to poster-size. Sentences used are simple and easy to understand. Download at www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Avian_Flu_tips_for_poultry_workers-final.pdf (accessed July 27, 2006). (105)
World Health Organization Regional Office for
South-East Asia (WHO/SEAR). (no date). Preventing bird flu: some questions and answers (brochure). New Delhi, India:
WHO/SEAR. Available at www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/
Update_2006_leaflet-newO.pdf
(accessed July 27, 2006).
The brochure answers questions about bird flu prevention
measures. Topics include: hand washing; protecting oneself from others with
bird flu or from infected poultry; caring for family members that have bird flu
or similar illnesses; consuming poultry; living in affected areas; and
traveling to affected areas.
Download at www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/
Update_2006_leaflet-newO.pdf (accessed July 27, 2006). (104)
World Health Organization Regional Office for
South-East Asia (WHO/SEAR). 2006. Bird flu: what you need to know and do.
(brochure). New Delhi, India: WHO/SEAR.
Download at www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/
Section1027_11257.htm (accessed July 28, 2006).
This illustrated brochure provides simple information about precautions people should take to prevent bird flu. Type of information provided includes: hand washing; cooking poultry; identifying sick birds; getting medical attention; etc. Download at www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Update_2006_leaflet-newO.pdf (accessed July 28, 2006). (144)
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Avian influenza disease card. Paris, France: OIE. Preview and download in Spanish, English, and French at www.oie.int/eng/avian_influenza/disease.htm (accessed August 1, 2006).
This 16-page booklet contains 14 ÒcardsÓ that can be used
to communicate information on avian influenza (AI) to a range of audiences. The
cards describe the AI disease in a complete but succinct manner. Information includes: general disease
information, affected species and common clinical signs, modes of transmission
in poultry and humans, biosecurity on farms, risky and safe human behaviors
(including food safety), types of communication messages for target
populations, codes and measures to implement in case of outbreak, sample
collection and shipment procedures, contact information for laboratories,
culling and disposal methods, disinfecting methods, and vaccine information and
vaccination procedures. Available in French, Spanish, and English. (84)
Section divider page to be inserted
here.
CARE Avian Flu Work Group. Resources and tips on preparing an avian influenza preparedness plan. Atlanta, GA: CARE USA. Read or download at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html (accessed July 6, 2006).
This 3-page listing of resources and tips on preparing an
avian influenza preparedness plan was written for CARE country leadership
around the world. Health communicatorÕs will find the brief section on
ÒMitigationÓ most relevant. The section of the Webpage in which this document
is listed also includes information on the personal protective equipment
recommended for CARE staff and personal safety guidelines. Preview or download
under section ÒPreparedness Plans and Staff SafetyÓ at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html
(accessed July 6, 2006). (115)
Communication Initiative (website of). Avian
influenza section.
British Columbia, Canada: Communication Initiative. Available at www.comminit.com/avianinfluenza.html
(accessed July 17, 2006).
This
Website aims to improve communication development by providing information,
research, reviews, evaluations, publications, and discussion platforms of
communication for development. For
avian influenza, the Website provides public information (messages, frequently
asked questions, planning), communication actions and strategies, guidance
notes, and other resources to help communicators and journalists in addressing
prevention and outbreak communication.
Partners include: Pan American Health Organization, BBC World Service
Trust, Rockefeller Foundation, Healthlink Worldwide, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, U.S. Agency for
International Development, and many others. Go to www.comminit.com/avianinfluenza.html
(accessed July 17, 2006). (201)
World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Communicable Disease. 2005. WHO Checklist for influenza pandemic preparedness planning. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Go to www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/FluCheck6web.pdf (accessed July 20, 2006).
This World Health Organization (WHO) report provides a
checklist for member states to use in creating a preparedness plan for an
influenza pandemic. Section 1.4 (ÒCommunicationsÓ) is most relevant for health
communicators. The document is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Japanese, Russian, and Spanish. Available at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/
FluCheck6web.pdf (accessed July 20, 2006). (20)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
(ECDC). February 6, 2006. Assessment tool for national pandemic influenza
preparedness. Draft
document. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Download at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/
FluCheck6web.pdf (accessed August 7, 2006).
This is a tool to assess whether a country is prepared
for specific pandemic influenza phases; knowledge about pandemic influenza is
sufficient; key persons know their roles and responsibilities; and preparedness
structures are operational. The assessment is to be conducted at the national
and local levels by a team of specialists (disease epidemiologist, laboratory,
and communication experts), as this tool is key in ensuring adequate
preparation for a pandemic. (36)
Health, Welfare, and Food Bureau, Government of Hong Kong (Website of). Prevention of avian influenza. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Health, Welfare and Food Bureau. Go to www.info.gov.hk/info/flu/eng (updated frequently). (accessed July 25, 2006).
The Health, Welfare, and Food Bureau of the Government of
Hong Kong maintains an extensive Website on avian influenza, with
information/advice for the Hong Kong community, health professionals, trade
(business community/employers), teaches, students, and parents, and tourists
and travelers. Health
communicators will find examples of many communication tools: posters,
leaflets, fact sheets, frequently asked questions, and PowerPoint slide
presentations for health professionals. There is a unique section for
ÒTeachers, Student, and Parents,Ó which contains communication guidance for
schools, including how to involve families in preparedness planning and sample
letters from the schools/teachers to parents alerting them to special
precautions or school closings and how to maintain contact (e.g. by telephone)
during those periods. For school-related materials go to www.info.gov.hk/info/flu/eng/school.htm
(accessed July 25, 2006). (59)
Ministry of Health, Argentina. (no date). Plan de respuesta integrada para pandemia de influenza. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministry of Health. Available at www.msal.gov.ar/dinesa/html/cid/documentacion.htm (accessed August 10, 2006).
ArgentinaÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan follows guidelines and recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The pandemic influenza preparedness and response plan includes a Òsocial communicationsÓ section which provides information on the general and specific objectives and goals of the communications strategies. (56)
Ministry of Health, Brazil. September 2005. Brazil
contingency plan to confront an influenza pandemic. Preliminary version. Brasilia,
Brazil: Ministry of Health. Available in English and Portuguese at http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/
influenza/principal_gripe.htm
(accessed August 10, 2006),
BrazilÕs national pandemic preparedness plan follows the
guidelines and recommendations set forth by the World Health Organization
(WHO). The plan includes a section on communications strategies and actions to
take in the event of an influenza pandemic. In addition, the ministry of health
in Brazil has developed a separate communications plan to help the federal government
integrate and coordinate communications efforts of and between the different
ministries. The pandemic plan is in English and Portuguese, the communications
plan is in Portuguese only. All are available to download at http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/influenza/
principal_gripe.htm (accessed August 10, 2006). (61)
Ministry of Health, Chile. September 2005. Plan de preparaci—n para una pandemia de influenza. Preliminary document. Santiago, Chile: Ministry of Health. Available at http://epi.minsal.cl/webInfluenza/frame1.html (accessed August 9, 2006).
ChileÕs national pandemic preparedness plan is based on guidelines and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. Annex 10 proposes detailed communications strategies for an influenza pandemic. (62)
Ministry of Health, Costa Rica. November 2005. Plan de preparaci—n y
respuesta en situaci—n de pandemia de influenza. San JosŽ, Costa Rica: Ministry
of Health. Download at www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/trabajosespeciales/
plannacpandemiainflueza23.pdf
(accessed August 8, 2006).
Costa RicaÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan was developed with the guidance and support of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two sections of the plan deal with communications: Section 2.10 states the responsibilities of the Ministry of Health and the duties that certain departments within the Ministry will have during a pandemic, particularly in terms of case notification, surveillance, and communication to the mass media. Section 2.11 defines the social communications strategies that will be used at different pandemic phases, based on a multidisciplinary and a multi-sector participation especially that of the civil society and of the mass media. This section describes the communications goals and objectives during each pandemic phase and the communications strategies to reach different sectors or audiences about preventive or control measures to be taken at each pandemic phase. The communications plan specifies the key spokespersons and their tasks, and defines the general structure and organization of the communications team during the crisis. (41)
Ministry of Health, Nicaragua. November 2005. Plan institucional para la prevenci—n y respuesta ante una pandemia de influenza. Draft report. Managua, Nicaragua: Ministry of Health.
NicaraguaÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan describes the global and national influenza situation, coordination strategies during a pandemic, and the principal activities required for a response to the different pandemic phases. Communications objectives and response strategies requiring communications planning are briefly described. The preparedness plan is in Spanish; however, it is not yet available online. (67)
Ministry of Health, Panama. October 2005. Plan nacional ante una pandemia de influenza. Panama City, Panama: Ministry of Health.
Panam‡Õs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan follows recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan describes the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase. Section XIII provides detailed communications objectives and strategies for an influenza pandemic. The Plan is in Spanish; however, it is not yet available online. (60)
Ministry of Health, Peru. October 2005. Plan nacional de preparaci—n y respuesta frente a una potencial pandemia de influenza. Lima, Peru: Ministry of Health. Download at www.minsa.gob.pe/portal/Especiales/2006/aviar/plan.asp (accessed August 11, 2006).
PeruÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan follows the guidelines and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. Annex 5 provides detailed communications objectives and strategies for an influenza pandemic. In addition, Peru has developed a detailed communications plan with objectives and strategies to keep the population informed on prevention and control measures, in preparation for an effective response to an influenza pandemic. Both the preparedness plan and the communications plan are in Spanish and can be downloaded at www.minsa.gob.pe/portal/Especiales/2006/aviar/omat.asp (accessed August 11, 2006). (70)
Ministry of Health, Venezuela. January 2006. Plan nacional de
vigilancia, prevenci—n y control ante una possible pandemia de influenza aviar. Working document. Caracas,
Venezuela: Ministry of Health. Download at www.msds.gov.ve/msds/
direcciones_msds/Epidemiologia/influenza/Plan-Gripe-Aviar-Venzuela2006.pdf (accessed
August 15, 2006).
VenezuelaÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan follows
guidelines and recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan
describes the national coordination scheme and the principal activities to be
developed during each pandemic phase. It includes eight annexes with technical
information, such as surveillance and biosecurity. In addition, the plan
includes a communications framework, which lists communications objectives and
detailed activities to prepare the nation for an influenza pandemic, as well as
risk communication strategies to minimize human transmission during a pandemic.
The Plan is in Spanish and can be downloaded at www.msds.gov.ve/msds/direcciones_msds/
Epidemiologia/influenza/Plan-Gripe-Aviar-Venezuela2006.pdf (accessed
August 15, 2006). (71)
Ministry of Health and Sports, Bolivia. October 2005. Plan nacional para pandemia de influenza y gripe aviar. La Paz, Boliva: Ministry of Health and Sports. Available at www.sns.gov.bo/influenza/menu2.htm (accessed August 15, 2006).
BoliviaÕs National Pandemic Preparedness Plan follows guidelines and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. Annex 6 discusses the objectives and goals of communications, and proposes communication and social mobilization strategies for an influenza pandemic. The preparedness plan and the communications annex are in Spanish. Download at www.sns.gov.bo/influenza/menu2.htm (accessed August 15, 2006). (57)
Ministry of Public Health, El Salvador. September 2005. Plan contingencial contra la pandemia de influenza. Preliminary plan. San Salvador, El Salvador: Ministry of Public Health.
El SalvadorÕs national pandemic preparedness plan follows the guidelines and recommendations established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. The objectives and goals of communications for an influenza pandemic are described. A social communications annex provides brief communications strategies, activities, means, costs, and duration of activity to be implemented during a pandemic. The preparedness plan is not yet available on line. (63)
Ministry of Public Health, Guatemala. July 2006. Plan de informaci—n, educaci—n, y comunicaci—n para el cambio de comportamientos relacionados al riesgo de gripe aviar. Draft document. Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala: Ministry of Public Health.
GuatemalaÕs avian influenza information, education, and communications plan for behavior change is in the final development stages. The plan provides communications strategies for health promotion and relevant objectives to be met. The plan specifies in detail the means of communication, and the information, education, and communication trainings and social mobilization activities. It includes time and budget planning as well as a detailed monitoring and evaluation section. The annex provides general and specific messages to be used during the different pandemic phases, time of message implementation, and primary target audience. (65)
Ministry of Public Health, Guatemala. October 2005. Plan nacional de preparaci—n y respuesta ante una pandemia de influenza. Draft plan. Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala: Ministry of Public Health.
GuatemalaÕs national pandemic preparedness plan follows guidelines and recommendations set forth by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. The objectives and goals of communications, and communication and social mobilization strategies for an influenza pandemic are briefly described. The preparedness plan is in Spanish; however, it is not yet available online. (64)
Ministry of Public Health, Uruguay. 2006. Plan nacional de contingencia de Uruguay para una pandemia de influenza. Montevideo, Uruguay: Ministry of Public Health. Download at www.msp.gub.uy/noticia_428_1.html (accessed August 31, 2006).
This is UruguayÕs Pandemic preparedness plan based on the
World Health OrganizationÕs guidelines. There are brief sections that deal with
communications. The Plan is
in Spanish, and it can be downloaded at www.msp.gub.uy/noticia_428_1.html (accessed August 31, 2006). (12)
Office of Communications, Ministry of Health, Peru. 2006. Plan de promoci—n y comunicaci—n de riesgos: prevenci—n y control de la influenza y gripe aviar en humanos. Lima, Peru: Ministry of Health. Download at www.minsa.gob.pe/pvigia/noticias/pc_influenza.pdf#search=%22guia%20informativa%20para%20comunicadores%20sobre%20pandemia%20%22 (accessed August 24, 2006).
PeruÕs risk communication and promotion plan aims to prevent and control avian influenza in humans. The plan defines the general and specific objectives of communication strategies, the different audiences that must be reached, and the different possible scenarios. The plan focuses on the development of messages, strategies, and activities that are necessary at each phase of intervention. The plan is in Spanish and can be downloaded at www.minsa.gob.pe/pvigia/noticias/pc_influenza.pdf#search=%22guia%20informativa%20para%20comunicadores%20sobre%20pandemia%20%22 (Accessed August 24, 2006). (77)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs and Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness. September 2005. Terrorism and other public health emergencies: a reference guide for media. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Preview and download at www.hhs.gov/emergency/mediaguide/PDF/ (accessed July 19, 2006). Printed copies available by calling 240-629-3161.
This reference guide for the media focuses on how to
quickly and clearly communicate messages to the public during a terrorist
attack and/or a public health emergency. The following chapters are most
relevant for pandemic flu risk communication: Chapter 1Ñplanning for the
unthinkable: preparation and response in public health; Chapter 8Ñthe role of
the federal government; Chapter 9Ñself-care for media; Chapter 10Ñrange of
public reactions; Chapter 11Ñrisk communication during a terrorist attack or
other public health emergency; and Chapter 14Ñmedia contacts within federal and
state government agencies. In addition, some of the most helpful appendices for
communicators are D, E, F, G, H, I, and J. Preview and download at www.hhs.gov/emergency/mediaguide/PDF/ (accessed July 19, 2006). Printed
copies available by calling 240-629-3161. (102)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). June 19, 2006. Creating a communication strategy for avian/pandemic influenza. Draft document. Washington, DC: PAHO. Available at www.paho.org/English/AD/argguidelines.doc (accessed July 20, 2006).
Integral to national pandemic influenza plans are communication strategies. Countries must plan and repeatedly revise detailed plans on what to communicate, how to do it, to whom and by whomÑfor all pandemic phases and for all audiences. This draft document was created to assist countries in the Americas region in including a communications plan in their national plans responding to an influenza pandemic. Specifically, it presents a guide and some considerations for creating a communications strategy and a preparedness checklist. Each section of the document focuses on different target audiences and describes what actions need to be taken by that audience. The annexes serve as examples and provide additional information on topics such as key messages, ways of dealing with the media, and basic aspects of risk communication. (108)
Secretariat of Health and Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock, Honduras. October 2005. Plan nacional de preparaci—n para la pandemia de influenza. Preliminary plan. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Secretariat of Health, Secretariat of Agriculture and Livestock.
HondurasÕs national pandemic preparedness plan is based on guidelines and recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO). The plan includes a main section in which the general coordination and the principal activities to be developed during each pandemic phase are described. The communications objectives and goals for an influenza pandemic are briefly described. The preparedness plan is not yet available on line. (66)
Secretariat of Health, Mexico. July 2006. Plan nacional de preparaci—n y respuesta ante una pandemia de influenza. Mexico, DF: Secretariat of Health. Available at www.dgepi.salud.gob.mx/pandemia/planpp.htm (accessed August 9, 2006).
MexicoÕs national pandemic preparedness plan follows the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The first part of the plan specifies the ÒComite Nacional para la Seguridad en SaludÓ as the committee responsible for coordinating the pandemic preparedness and response in Mexico. Strategies, goals, and objectives of such planning are also described in this first part. The second part of the plan includes ten annexes each with specific information for the development of actions that are to take place during an influenza pandemic. Annex B provides detailed information for the development of communications and health promotion actions. Mexico has begun performing assessments of risk perception of various target populations to understand peopleÕs pandemic knowledge and hygiene habits. In addition, Mexico has begun creating and conducting developmental testing of health promotion materials for Òsocial marketing in healthÓ and for Òsocial communications in healthÓ to inform the public about the possible pandemic and to market hygienic behaviors. These materials are not yet available online. (72)
U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID)(Website of). Behavior Change Communications (Webpage). Washington, DC: USAID. www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/home/News/news_items/
ai_communications.html (accessed August 10, 2006).
This U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
Web page highlights behavior change communications for prevention and control of
the avian (bird flu) influenza virus transmission. Key messages for prevention and control of bird-to-bird,
bird-to-human, and human-to-human transmission of the virus are provided via
links to PDFs. The Webpage also provides: links for further information on the
USAID response to avian influenza; links to related USAID programs; and links
to additional information on avian influenza. Go to www.usaid.gov/our_work/
global_health/home/News/news_items/ai_communitions.html
(accessed August 10, 2006). (54)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS). April 2006. Summary of the national highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) response plan: Appendix C, communications emergency response plan. Draft document. Riverdale, MD: USDA/APHIS. Download at www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/avian_influenza/contents/printable_version/DraftSummaryNationalAIresponseplan.pdf (accessed August 1, 2006).
The
communications emergency response plan is briefly described in appendix C of the
draft document summarizing the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
national response plan. The communications plan discusses the role, duties, and
goals of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Office of Communications
(OC) during an HPAI emergency. The document is a resource for health
communicators and for the media to understand how the OC will handle an
emergency as the lead agency for all communications activities associated with
avian influenza as an animal health issue. The document informs on the types of
materials, public service messages, industry messages, and tactics that the OC
will use and when they will be used. Download at www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/avian_influenza/
contents/printable_version/DraftSummaryNationalAIresponseplan.pdf (accessed August 1, 2006). (81)
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools. May 2003. Practical information on crisis planning: a guide for schools and communities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Available at www.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/emergencyplan/crisisplanning.pdf (accessed July 25, 2006).
This
is a generic guide for schools and communities to help them in the process of
reviewing and revising school and district crisis preparedness plans. It
provides critical concepts and components of good crisis planning as well as
examples of good practices. There is a short section that focuses on the
communication aspect of crisis management. Another section also focuses on the
media, specifically in how schools and communities can prepare to work with the
media in times of crisis. The guide is intended as a model, not a ÒcookbookÓ approach. It may be
downloaded from www.ed.gov/admins/
lead/safety/ emergencyplan/crisisplanning.pdf (accessed July 25, 2006). (51)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). November 2005. HHS pandemic influenza plan. Washington, DC: DHHS. Available at www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/pdf/HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan.pdf (accessed August 21, 2006).
The HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) pandemic influenza plan serves as a blueprint for all HHS pandemic influenza preparedness planning and response activities. The plan has three parts. Part 1, Strategic Plan, describes a coordinated public health and medical care strategy to prepare for, and begin responding to, an influenza pandemic. Part 2, Public Health Guidance for State and Local Partners, provides guidance on specific aspects of pandemic influenza planning and response for the development of state and local preparedness plans. Part 3, HHS AgenciesÕ Operational Plans, itemizes specific roles and responsibilities of each HHS agency in the event of a pandemic. In addition, Part 2 includes eleven supplements that provide guidance on specific aspects of pandemic influenza planning and response. Supplement 10 of Part 2 provides guidance on the public health communications aspects. This communications section describes seven key risk communications concepts and what communications professionals should focus on during the different pandemic periods. (74)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 21, 2006. Pandemic influenza preparedness, response, and recovery: guide for critical infrastructure and key resources. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. For a PDF copy email dhspandemic@dhs.gov.
The pandemic influenza preparedness, response, and recovery guide serves as a tool for business owner-operators and their contingency planners to enhance pandemic planning. The guide provides the primary government and pandemic influenza-specific background material, references, and contact information. The guide aims to complement and enhance, not replace, the contingency planning process for a pandemic. The primary purpose of this guide is to Òstimulate the U.S. private sector business community to act nowÉto prepare for, respond to, and recover from a localized outbreak, as well as the broader pandemic.Ó Section 7 provides information, strategies, and materials for businesses to communicate with the public, employees and their families, and the media. (87)
UK Health Departments, United Kingdom. October 2005.
Pandemic flu: UK influenza pandemic contingency plan. London, England: Department of
Health, United Kingdom. Available at www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/
PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4121735&chk=Z6kjQY
(accessed August 1, 2006).
This is the United KingdomÕs contingency plan, prepared
by its Health Departments, for meeting a pandemic influenza outbreak. Key
elements of the plan include: leadership, organization and coordination; the
chain of command; communications; surveillance, information gathering,
situation reporting and risk assessment; the public health response; the health
service response; the civil contingency response; workforce, education and
training; essential preparatory work, research, legal and indemnity issues; and
international issues. Of particular relevance to the health communicator is
section 2.5 (Communications) and Annex I, Communications Plan. This 174 page
document can be read or downloaded as a PDF at www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/
PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/
fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4121735&chk=Z6kjQY (accessed August 1,
2006). (129)
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Respuesta
a la amenaza de una pandemia de gripe aviar: medidas estratŽgicas recomendadas. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/
WHO_CDS_CSR_GIP_05_8-SP.pdf
(accessed July 28, 2006).
This document recommends strategic measures that
countries, the international community, and the World Health Organization (WHO)
can take to prepare the world for a pandemic of avian influenza and to mitigate
the effects of such pandemic. The recommendations provided are specific for the
different phases of a pandemic, and underline the participation of all
political leaders, public health officials, and communicators. The document
briefly discusses strategies regarding risk communication during the
pre-pandemic phase, and risk and crisis communications during the pandemic
phase. The document is in Spanish and can be downloaded at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/
WHO_CDS_CSR_GIP_05_8-SP.pdf (accessed July 28, 2006). (141)
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here.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (Last updated June 2001). A primer on health risk communication principles and practices. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Review or download at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/primer.html#CONTENTS (accessed July 17, 2006).
This primer was originally developed for public health
professionals in preparation for communicating with the public about the health
impact of exposure to toxic substances at hazardous waste sites. However, the primer content has
intellectual portability for risk communications in many other contexts.
Contents constitute three major sections: an overview of issues and guiding
principles for health risk communication (e.g., myths and actions, seven
cardinal rules of risk communication, factors influencing risk perception,
interacting the community, and assessing effectiveness), a section on
presenting information at public meetings (e.g., presentation aids, using risk
comparisons, a presentation planner, ten deadly sins of communication,
answering questions, some dos and donÕts of listening, and managing hostile
situations), and a third section on working with the media (e.g., the media
perspective; preparing a message; before, during, and after an interview; and
in a crisis). Review or download at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/
primer.html#CONTENTS (accessed July 17, 2006). (135)
Avian Flu Working Group, CARE. 2005. CARE avian and pandemic influenza briefing. PowerPoint presentation. Atlanta, GA: CARE USA. View or download at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html (accessed July 6, 2006).
This PowerPoint presentation, which was prepared for CARE
country point persons, provides background on influenza pandemics and the risk
of Avian flu, staff safety and security issues, and CAREÕs response (program
and advocacy activities). The presentation can be previewed or downloaded in
English, Spanish, Arabic, French, and Vietnamese. Select downloadable file in
language desired at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html
(accessed July 6, 2006). (114)
Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases. (2003). Materials to promote hand hygiene in your healthcare facility (PowerPoint slide sets, posters, buttons). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preview and download at www.cdc.gov/handhygiene (accessed July 21, 2006).
The hand hygiene guidelines and materials are part of an
overall CDC strategy to reduce infections in health care settings to promote
patient safety. Materials include
core slides in PowerPoint or PDF format, supplemental slides in PowerPoint or
PDF format, a 29Ó x 19Ó high quality poster that can be ordered online in English
or Spanish; and colorful buttons (order online) with the message: Òhand hygiene
saves lives.Ó The poster, in
Spanish, can be downloaded as a PDF as well. (126)
Infection Control Services and Medical Photography,
Auckland District Health Board. (no date). Infection control for primary
healthcare practices in the pandemic influenza setting (training video). Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ministry of
Health. Preview and download at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/
pandemicinfluenza-resources-videoandaudio#infectioncontrol (accessed
August 22, 2006).
The Ministry of Health has developed training videos for
primary healthcare practices to demonstrate infection control recommendations.
The information is based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and New Zealand
Ministry of Health recommendations. This training video can be previewed and
downloaded at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/
pandemicinfluenza-resources-videoandaudio#infectioncontrol (accessed August 22, 2006). (106)
Reynolds, Barbara. (no date). Crisis & emergency risk communication: by leaders for leaders, with accompanying participant manual. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preview or download at www.bt.cdc.gov/erc/leaders.pdf and www.bt.cdc.gov/erc/part_man.pdf (accessed August 9, 2006).
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication is a 53-page document, which covers a broad range: how communicating in a crisis is different, what the public seeks from its leader, communication failures, communication steps for success, expected behaviors that must be confronted, perception of risk, first message in a crisis, and much more. The second document, a participant manual, is primarily constituted of PowerPoint slides that are used to train this information. Preview or download at
www.bt.cdc.gov/erc/leaders.pdf and www.bt.cdc.gov/erc/part_man.pdf (accessed August 9, 2006). (52)
Sanchez, Marisabel, M.P.H. 2006. Creating awareness for surveillance needs: the role of risk communication (PowerPoint presentation). 2006. Gaithersburg, MD: Links Media. Available at www.linksmedia.org/LM_shared/Powerpoint/SAIDI_March_2005_b.htm (accessed August 31, 2006).
This set of PowerPoint slides was first presented to the
Pan American Health OrganizationÕs Technical Advisory Group Meeting on
Surveillance of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious diseases, which was held in
the Dominican Republic, June 11-12, 2005.
The presentation covers definitions, 10 elements of the risk
communication process, relevant theoretical models, case studies, strategies,
and challenges, considerations, and recommendations. Preview/download at www.linksmedia.org/LM_shared/Powerpoint/
SAIDI_March_2005_b.htm (accessed August 30, 2006). (28)
Sandman, Peter, and Jody Lanard, ÒBird flu: communicating the risk,Ó Perspectives in health: the magazine of the Pan American Health Organization, published in English and Spanish, 10, no. 2 (2005). Download in English at www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/perspectives22.pdf and in Spanish at www.paho.org/Spanish/DD/PIN/perspectivas22.pdf (accessed July 26, 2006).
This is an article from PAHOÕs Magazine: Perspectives on
Health. Two leading risk communications experts give their best advice on
communicating the risk of the next great influenza pandemicÑor not. Publication
is available in Spanish and English. In English download at www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/perspectives22.pdf
and in Spanish download at www.paho.org/Spanish/DD/PIN/
perspectivas22.pdf (accessed July 26, 2006). (113)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). March 2006. Avian influenza: media orientation training notes. Washington, DC: USAID. Download at http://avianflu.aed.org/docs/ai_media_guide_en.pdf (accessed August 31, 2006).
This training manual provides the curriculum framework
for a 2-day workshop to prepare journalists to better report on avian
influenza. The manual includes trainer notes (timeframes, materials needed,
trainer remarks, and reproducible handouts for participants). Topics include:
Frequently asked questions, key facts about avian influenza and the avian
influenza A (H5N1) virus, the countries affected to date, prevention and
control of bird-to-human transmission, key behaviors to reduce the risk of
contracting the virus when working with poultry, internet resources for
covering avian influenza, and guidelines for reporting on risk. Download at http://avianflu.aed.org/
docs/ai_media_guide_en.pdf (accessed August 29, 2006). (130)
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). March 2006. Communicating about avian influenza: a guide for people who work in the community (leaflet). Washington, DC: USAID. Download under ÒPublicationsÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/approach.htm (accessed August 29, 2006).
This two-page guide provides suggestions for community
workers to help them effectively communicate with families about how they can
reduce the risk that avian influenza will take hold in their community. The
guide includes tips for effective communication, talking points to use, and
measures of prevention to communicate for risk reduction. Available in English,
French, and Portuguese. Download under ÒPublicationsÓ section at http://avianflu.aed.org/
approach.htm (accessed August 29, 2006). (89)
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2002. Communicating in a crisis: risk communication guidelines for public officials. Washington, DC: DHHS. Download at www.riskcommunication.samhsa.gov/RiskComm.pdf (accessed August 21, 2006).
This guide is a resource for public officials and health communicators on the basics of effective communications and on working with the news media specifically. It describes basic skills and techniques needed for clear, effective communication and information dissemination to deliver messages that inform without frightening and educates without provoking alarm. The guide focuses on providing public officials with a brief introduction and orientation on the media and how they work, and on the public as the message recipient; techniques for responding and cooperating with the media in conveying information and delivering messages before, during, and after a public health crisis; a guide to media relations and public communications; and strategies for addressing challenges and opportunities likely to arise as a consequence of communications initiatives. (78)
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. WHO outbreak communication: WHO handbook for journalists: Influenza pandemic. Geneva, Switzerland:
WHO. Available at www.who.int/csr/don/
Handbook_influenza_pandemic_dec05.pdf (accessed July 20, 2006).
This is an influenza facts handbook for journalists.
Contents include influenza basics, pandemic certainties and uncertainties,
public health tools used in a pandemic; WHO pandemic phases; pandemic
preparedness; and the role of journalists before and during the pandemic. The
handbook emphasizes the responsibility of journalists to communicate accurate
information, to keep the public informed, and to minimize potential chaos. (33)
World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. WHO
outbreak communication guidelines (booklet). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at www.who.int/
infectiousdiseasenews/IDdocs/whocds200528/whocds200528en.pdf (accessed July
19, 2006).
This 8-page booklet provides guidelines for communicating
with the public during disease outbreaks (crisis communication). Topics include
developing and monitoring public trust, timing of announcements, benefits and
barriers to transparency, importance of learning what beliefs and concerns are
held by the public and critical communications planning concerns. Download in
English at www.who.int/infectiousdiseasenews/IDdocs/whocds200528/whocds200528en.pdf
and in French at www.who.int/infectious-disease-news/IDdocs/whocds200528/whocds2005.28fr.pdf
(accessed July 27, 2006). (46)
World Health Organization (WHO). July 2005. Effective
media communication during public health emergencies: A WHO handbook. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Available at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/
WHO%20MEDIA%20HANDBOOK.pdf (accessed July 28, 2006).
The handbook describes a seven-step process for guiding
public health communicators in planning and implementing effective media
communication. Its primary focus is on maintaining relations with the news
media (print and broadcast) during a public health emergency. Seven steps are
described in the handbook: 1) assess media needs, media constraints, and
internal media-relations capabilities; 2) develop goals, plans, and strategies;
3) train communicators; 4) prepare messages; 5) identify media outlets and
media activities; 6) deliver messages; and 7) evaluate messages and performance.
The handbook annexes offer further information such as cultural diversity in
communication activities, principles and techniques of effective media
communication, and how people form risk perceptions and trust. The handbook is
available as a field guide, a shortened version highlighting the practical
aspects of the seven-step approach; and as a wall chart showing the seven-step
approach with key information and advice. The handbook, field guide, and wall
chart can be downloaded at www.who.int/csr/
resources/publications/WHO_CDS_2005_31/en/index.html (accessed July
28, 2006). (197)
Section divider page to be inserted
here.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) (Website of).
Avian influenza.
Ottawa, Canada: CFIA. Available at www.inspection.gc.ca/english/
anima/heasan/disemala/avflu/avflue.shtml (accessed August 8, 2006).
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Website provides general information on avian influenza (AI) presented as fact sheets and frequently asked questions, as well as an overview of CanadaÕs prevention, preparedness, and response of AI for animal health. The Website provides information on AI disease incidence in Canada; import measures for live birds implemented in Canada; the international situation; and reference materials. The reference materials are intended for poultry owners and producers (i.e. biosecurity protection information), and as technical information for veterinary facilities and diagnostic labs (i.e. biosafety guidelines and pathogen data sheets). (45)
CARE International (Website of). Web page, portal to eleven CARE country Websites. Geneva, Switzerland: CARE International. Available at www.careinternational.org (accessed July 5, 2006).
This Website address (www.careinternational.org) opens on a portal Webpage that provides rapid access to almost a dozen different CARE Websites: CARE Australia, CARE Brasil, CARE Canada, CARE Danmark, CARE Deutschland, CARE France, CARE Japan, CARE Nederland, CARE Norge, CARE Osterreich, CARE UK, and CARE USA. A key word search for Òavian influenzaÓ on any of the country Websites retrieves materials from around the world. Resources include descriptions of CARE communications initiatives, discussion of CAREÕs work with WHO and FAO in helping countries develop preparedness plans, press releases, and more. Each Website is in the language spoken in that country. Some Websites have some pages in Spanish (e.g., CARE Canada). (112)
CARE USA (Webpage of). Avian flu. Atlanta, GA: CARE USA. Available at http://icarenews.care.org/avianflu.html (accessed July 6, 2006).
CARE USAÕs avian flu Webpage presents current information
on avian influenza and its potential to cause a global pandemic as well as an
array of communications materials that have been created by different sources
for health communications and education purposes: briefing papers; a CARE
public information campaign materials created for Vietnam, which include
television spots and PDFs of printed materials; resources for working with
poultry vendors and markets; resources for working with poultry; and resources
for working with children and schools; and materials for advocacy. (6)
Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC), Pan American Health Organization (Website of). Home page. Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: CAREC, PAHO. Website www.carec.org (accessed August 4, 2006).
Pan American Health OrganizationÕs (PAHO) Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) provides public health consulting, program coordination, information and laboratory, epidemiology and training services to the 21 member countries in the English-speaking Caribbean to help improve the health status of the people. CAREC compiles epidemiological data on influenza activity (and other diseases) in this region and publishes the CAREC Surveillance Report on a regular basis. This is an authoritative organization for the English-speaking Caribbean region, thus for health communicators and the media it serves as an information source on avian, seasonal, or pandemic influenza surveillance and epidemiological activity. (38)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Website of). CDC flu (seasonal/pandemic/avian). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at www.cdc.gov/flu (accessed July 17, 2006).
The influenza (flu) Webpage provides information and materials in three influenza classifications: avian influenza, seasonal influenza, and pandemic influenzaÑa link to www.pandemicflu.gov. Sections of the Website include: Specific topics (e.g., what you should know, key facts, current situation, questions and answers) and information for specific groupsÑfrom health professionals to the poultry industry to travelers, as well as references and related links. Health communicators, media personnel, and the interested public will find the ÒreferencesÓ section is a library of articles for background information. (123)
Department of Health, United Kingdom (Website of). Pandemic flu/avian flu. London, England: Department of Health, United Kingdom. Available at www.dh.gov.uk/pandemicflu (accessed August 1, 2006).
On this Website one can find the United KingdomÕs contingency plan for pandemic influenza, which has been produced to ensure that the Government of the UK and its people are properly prepared in the event of a flu pandemic, the latest health advice to travelers relative to avian flu, a guide from the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) for healthcare professionals and the public, which explains pandemic flu; a leaflet, ÒImportant information for you and your familyÓ (downloadable in 21 languages), ÒFrequently asked questions,Ó ÒChecklist for businesses for pandemic flu planning,Ó clinical guidelines for health professionals regarding the treatment of pandemic influenza, PowerPoint slide sets developed to accompany the ÒUK influenza pandemic contingency plan, and many other downloadable documents and links to relevant and useful Websites. (127)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (Website of). Knowledge forum, H5N1 avian influenza. Rome, Italy: FAO of the United Nations. Available at www.fao.org (accessed July 24, 2006).
The H5N1 Avian Influenza section of the WebsiteÕs Knowledge Forum is a rich resource on the animal health dimension of avian influenza (AI). There are many items, for example the ÒQuestions and AnswersÓ section, which are written in non-technical language and are both useful and interesting for general audiences. Communicators can access the latest international animal health information and data, capture photographs to use in publications and other forms of mass communication, download sound bites for broadcast, review the most recent issue of the AI Bulletin, and follow the projected socio-economic impact of AI. (99)
Government of Canada (Website of). Pandemic influenza. Ottawa, Canada: Government of Canada. Available at www.pandemicinfluenza.gc.ca (accessed July 27, 2006).
This Website provides access to online information from several Government of Canada (GoC) departments and agencies about pandemic influenza (flu), avian flu, seasonal flu, and related matters. For the health communicator, the Website serves as a reliable, relevant, and up-to-date information source for keeping the public informed on this issue. The Òflu detection and surveillanceÓ section provides links to international, national, and local health organizations and departments that provide situation updates and other surveillance information. The Òhealth and safetyÓ section is a resource for community health educators or health communicators. It provides information on the three types of flu; tools (i.e. tips lists and checklists) for protection from and prevention of the flu of at home; in the workplace; for travelers; for health professionals; and for the poultry industry. The Òplanning and responseÓ section informs on CanadaÕs preparedness plans for pandemic influenza. The ÒnewsÓ section includes news and press releases, advisories, backgrounders (including the role of risk communications in pandemic planning), and GoC media relations offices and contact information. (121)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (Website of). Public health in emergencies--avian influenza. Geneva: IFRC. Available at www.ifrc.org/what/health/relief/avian-flu.asp/ (accessed July 17, 2006).
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) carries out relief operations to assist victims of disasters, and through development work, strengthens the capacities of its member societies. The Avian Influenza section of the Website provides information about avian influenza: prevention; such as frequently asked questions; maps; and key facts and figures. The Website provides links to information bulletins that provide updates in affected areas and information on what the IFRC is doing to assist these areas. (8)
Interagency Public Affairs Group on Influenza Preparedness (Website of). www.PandemicFlu.gov and www.AvianFlu.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (Website management). Available at www.pandemicflu.gov and www.avianflu.gov in English; www.pandemicflu.gov/espanol/ in Spanish. (accessed September 6, 2006).
This WebsiteÑwhich is accessed by using either URLÑprovides one-stop access to Government-wide information on pandemic and avian influenza for many audiences: the general public, health and emergency preparedness professionals, health communicators, policy makers, government and business leaders, school systems, and local communities. The home page includes tabs for planning, preparedness, and response information. Website sections include: 1) General information: fact sheets, frequently asked questions, information on the avian influenza virus and disease, and history of pandemics. 2) Where you live: information on each stateÕs pandemic planning, and contact information to relevant state agencies. 3) Question and Answers related to avian and pandemic flu. 4) Planning and response: information to help every sector of society participate in national planning efforts. A link to Òrisk communicationÓ provides resources on and information about crisis, emergency, and pandemic flu risk communications. 4) Monitoring outbreaks: informs on national and global monitoring activities. 5) Health and Safety: pandemic flu information and material targeted for specific groups such as families, travelers, workers, communities, and health professionals. 6) Bird and animal issues. 7) Global activities. 8) Economic impacts. 9) Travel: health, quarantine, and other related information. 10) Research activities. 11) News room: news/press releases; media contact information. 12) Dictionary/glossary: terms used in the Website. The Website is available in English at www.pandemicflu.gov or www.avianflu.gov and in Spanish at www.pandemicflu.gov/espanol/ (accessed September 6, 2006). (50)
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health (Website of). Avian influenza information. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Available at www.jhsph.edu/flu (accessed July 26, 2006).
This Website provides information on pandemic preparedness, and research and developments of avian influenza (AI). Type of information includes: frequently asked questions; news and information; research on AI that involves researchers from the Bloomberg School of Public Health; links to other organizations and resources dealing with AI; events that have taken or will take place at this school; and multimedia material such as animated simulations of an influenza outbreak, a 1957 television program on AI, and various Webcasts of health experts speaking on AI. (16)
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Center for Communication Programs (Website of). Avian flu. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Available at www.jhuccp.org/topics/avian_flu.shtml (accessed July 17, 2006).
The Website of the Center for Communications Programs
(CCP) is an especially rich resource for a health communicator. The Avian
Influenza section features three strategic communication campaigns for AI
prevention in two countries (Egypt and Indonesia). Project descriptions and the
materials (PSAs, posters, billboards, leaflets) can be previewed and downloaded
at www.jhuccp.org/topics/
avian_flu.shtml. At the bottom of the Avian Influenza section, there
are links to other AI resources in the Media Materials Clearinghouse, which
features health communications materials from around the world. The projects
above and the Media Materials Clearinghouse ww.m-mc.org
(accessed July 27, 2006) were made possible with funding from USAID. (14)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Website of). Focus on the flu: seasonal flu, avian (bird) flu, and pandemic flu. Bethesda, MD: NIAID, NIH. Available at www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/focuson/flu/# (accessed August 3, 2006).
The ÒFocus on the FluÓ section of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Website provides access to a variety of information on seasonal, avian, and pandemic fluÑall in one place. This is a resource for diverse audiences such as the general public, the media, health communicators, and others to be informed and updated on the influenza virus features. The Website includes succinct descriptions of NIAID-supported research projects on influenza (i.e. immune response, prevention, treatment, diagnosis, etc); colored illustrations (including a link to NIAIDÕs pandemic preparedness program and research timeline, a human flu pandemics timeline, the virus genetics, etc); publications and news releases related to influenza; media interviews; congressional testimony; and resources and links to other influenza resources. (107)
National Library of Medicine (Website of). MedlinePlus. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Available at www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ (accessed August 8, 2006).
The U.S. National Library of Medicine is the worldÕs largest biomedical library. Its collections stand at more than 8 million items (books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs, and images). The Library explores the uses of computer and communication technologies to improve the organization and access to biomedical information. It educates users about available sources of information so that they may conduct their own research concerning medical topics, including avian flu. The MedlinePlus section of the LibraryÕs Website is a good starting place for the new user: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus (English) and www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish (Spanish). Type Òavian fluÓ (for English) or Ògripe aviarÓ (for Spanish) into the ÒsearchÓ line to bring up hundreds of relevant items. (accessed August 8, 2006). (47)
National Vaccine Program Office (Website of). Activities on influenza. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Available at www.hhs.gov/nvpo (accessed August 3, 2006).
The National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO) Website provides publications, reports, and other information on vaccine preventable diseases, vaccine safety, vaccine coverage, immunization laws, and immunization registries. Providing leadership and coordination among many federal agencies involved in vaccine and immunization activities, the NVPO through its Website provides thorough information on seasonal and pandemic influenza often via links to authoritative agencies and organizations. Type of information includes but is not limited to influenza background, vaccines, infection control, treatment, surveillance, biology, etc. Pandemic influenza information includes but is not limited to preparedness plans and simulation models of health service demand, spread and impact, history, vaccine development, surveillance, treatment and drugs, and safety of poultry resources and industry in case of avian influenza in animals. (1)
New Zealand Ministry of Health (Website of). Pandemic influenza. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health. View and download information at www.moh.govt.nz/pandemicinfluenza (accessed August 2, 2006).
This Website, maintained by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, provides avian influenza updates, email alerts, background information, frequently asked questions, guidelines, and advice for the general public (ÒeveryoneÓ), for the health sector, for businesses, and for travelers. (116)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor (Website of). Guidance for protecting workers against avian influenza. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. Available at www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/avian-flu.html (accessed July 20, 2006).
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Website provides background information on influenza and avian flu, including the current outbreak of Influenza A (H5N1), and guidance for protecting workers against avian flu: guidance for farm workers/animal handlers; guidance for laboratory workers; guidance for medical workers that transport/treat avian flu patients; guidance for food handlers; guidance for airline flight crews; guidance for travelers. (5)
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (Website of). Home page of www.pbs.org. Arlington, VA: Public Broadcasting Service. Go to www.pbs.org (accessed July 20, 2006).
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Website is a rich resource for communicators, educators, students, and the public at large. A keyword search from the PBS home page for Òavian influenzaÓ or Òavian fluÓ produced more than 100 results for each term. The search represented a range of sources and formats differing information needs, including: Teacher viewing ideas to accompany a NOVA scienceNOW program on pandemic influenza, including student sheets to help them make avian and human influenza A virus models, infect a model lung cell, and make a hybrid virus that has some avian and some human RNA segments; Online NewsHour depth summaries on avian influenza and pandemic influenza; and ÒAsk the ExpertÓ Q & As, for example Kanta Subbarao, a senior investigator at the National Institutes of HealthÕs Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, answered selected viewer emailed questions about avian flu and public health, which were reproduced for online access. In addition, the Website contains a special section for teachers: Teacher Source at www.pbs.org/teachersource (accessed July 20, 2006). (18)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Website of). Avian influenza (bird flu) Website. Washington, D.C: USDA. Available at www.usda.gov/birdflu (accessed July 25, 2006).
This USDA Website provides the latest news and transcripts on avian influenza (AI); contacts and mechanisms of reporting sick or dead birds; and informational fact sheets on AI including questions & answers, and testing and diagnosis standards. The Website includes an array of ready-to-use resources for communicators: a photo gallery, a video gallery, and an audio gallery. There are links to other resources, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (for pet health); the Department of the Interior; safe food handling; the National Wildlife Service; the US Department of Health and Human Services; and contact information for State departments of agriculture, wildlife, and public health. (23)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (USDA/APHIS) (Website of). Avian influenza
section. Riverdale, MD:
USDA/APHIS. Available at www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/
avian_influenza/avian_influenza.shtml (accessed August 1, 2006).
The Website is a good resource for poultry industry workers to keep themselves informed on avian influenza (AI) in poultry, for health communicators to use as a resource on the animal health dimension of AI, and to inform the general public on what the U.S. Department of AgricultureÕs (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is doing to keep the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus from becoming established in the U.S. poultry population. The Website contains a News section and an Outreach Materials section with downloadable material, such as information brochures on APHISÕ services. The Website has links to the USDA AI Website and fact sheets, the pandemicflu.gov Website, contact information for reporting dead or sick wild or farm birds, and to the HPAI ÒWild Bird Plan: An Early Detection SystemÉInteragency Strategic Plan.Ó (79)
United Nations ChildrenÕs Fund (UNICEF) (Website of). Avian flu. New York, New York: UNICEF. Available at www.unicef.org/avianflu/index_31575.html (accessed August 7, 2006).
The avian influenza (AI) Website of the United Nations ChildrenÕs Fund (UNICEF) provides an overview of AI, pandemic flu, and the risks that AI poses to children. The ÒUNICEF in actionÓ section is a resource for the general public, media, educators, communicators, and various organizations to learn about UNICEFÕs work with nations and/or organizations in educating and arming families with knowledge on how to protect themselves from AI. This section also links to specific countries in which UNICEF has or is working in AI. The ÒResourcesÓ section provides information on communications strategies (i.e. CREATE! Framework for AI response and preparedness), and communication tools such as posters on AI prevention for children and families. Links to other international sources and communication contacts are also listed. (35)
Voice of America Website. Avian flu section. Washington, DC: Voice of America. Click avian flu news at www.voanews.com (accessed July 18, 2006).
The Voice of America Website has an extensive section on avian flu. Subsections include background, research, impact, and prevention as well as news on avian flu in the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Podcast download files are posted for a number of broadcasts. The Website is available in 44 different languages, including Spanish and Portuguese. Go to www.voanews.com and click your preferred language as well as the avian flu button. (86)
World Health Organization (WHO), Epidemic and
Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR)(Website of). Diseases covered by EPR:
Avian influenza.
Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at www.who.int/csr/disease/
avian_influenza/en/index.html (accessed July 20, 2006).
The Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR) supports, coordinates, strengthens, and maintains systems and Member States in their capacities to prepare and respond to an epidemic or a pandemic. The EPR Website, as part of the World Health Organization (WHO), and thus one of the most respected authoritative resources on pandemic and avian influenza (AI), provides the latest news and current information on AI and pandemic flu. The Website includes AI and pandemic flu: fact sheets; frequently asked questions; advice for travelers; an AI timeline and maps of affected regions; general guidelines for pandemic preparedness and for AI outbreaks; guidelines and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, food safety, infection control, surveillance, and vaccines and antivirals. The Media Centre section of the Website provides media contacts, news releases and names of AI spokespersons. Links are provided to all of the WHO regional offices, which also host AI and pandemic flu Websites. The EPR Website is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish and Russian, for the general public. Website at www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/en/index.html (accessed July 20, 2006). (143)
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (Website of). Avian influenza. Paris, France: OIE. Available at www.oie.int/eng/avian_influenza/home.htm (accessed August 1, 2006).
The avian influenza (AI) section of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Website provides information meant to help Governments and veterinary services of member countries that are affected by or want to protect the territories from the AI disease. For the health communicator, this Website is a resource for obtaining tools for Governments and veterinary services such as guidelines, technical methods, evaluation questionnaires, contact lists for veterinary services, and others. Sections of the OIE Website include: recent publications; transparency regulations on animal diseases; surveillance of animal diseases (including guidelines and evaluation tool); zoning and compartmentalization (i.e. definitions); safety of animal products in international trade; vaccines and diagnostic methods (including lists of AI vaccine producers and reference laboratories on AI); methods of humane killing for disease control purposes and carcass disposal (including guidelines for slaughter and on protection of farmers and cullers); food safety (including guidelines for virus inactivation); disease description and guidelines for control of the disease in Asia. The OIE Website is in English, Spanish, and French. (83)
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here.
Acclaim Images (Website of). Avian flu posters
and clipart. Medford, OR: Acclaim Images.
Preview or purchase at: www.acclaimimages.com/
search_terms/avian_flu.html (accessed August 4, 2006).
The Website provides stock photography. Their medical and
healthcare inventory includes hundreds of bird images, including a specific
collection, ÒAvian flu biohazard concept.Ó Preview or purchase at www.acclaimimages.com/search_terms/avian_flu.html
(accessed August 4, 2006). (11)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Website of). Knowledge forum, H5N1 avian influenza. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at www.fao.org (accessed July 24, 2006).
The H5N1 Avian Influenza section of the WebsiteÕs Knowledge Forum is a rich resource on the animal health dimension of avian influenza (AI). Communicators can access the latest international animal health information and data, capture photographs to use in publications and mass communication, download sound bites for broadcast, review the most recent issue of the AI Bulletin, and follow the projected socio-economic impact of AI. The ÒQuestions and AnswersÓ section of the Avian Influenza section is written in non-technical language, useful for general audiences. (100)
Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (Updated frequently). Photographs, illustrations, and multimedia files, which include images related to avian influenza. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preview and download at http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/ (accessed July 17, 2006).
The Public Health Image Library (PHIL) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) contains photographs, illustrations, and multimedia files, which are free of charge, have been Òcopyright clearedÓ (with few exceptions), and are readily accessible through the Internet to both Macintosh and PC users. This pictorial database was created by a Working Group at CDC to provide public health professionals, the media, laboratory scientists, educators, students, and the worldwide public use of this pictorial material for reference, teaching, presentation, and public health messages. The content is organized into hierarchical categories of people, places, and science, and is presented as single images, image sets, and multimedia files. Extensive descriptions and links are also provided. (125)
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Avian influenza photo gallery. Washington, DC: USDA. Available at www.usda.gov/birdflu (click Òphoto galleryÓ). (accessed July 25, 2006).
This Website provides a variety of photos that may be used in communication about avian influenza risk and prevention. Examples of photos include: chicken breast with thermometer to verify safe cooking; food in fridge for proper storage; close up of hand-washing, and others. All images are available in higher resolution by email at: user.photo@usda.gov Preview and download at www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=AI_PHOTOS&parentnav=AVIAN_INFLUENZA&navtype=RT (accessed July 25, 2006). (25)
U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health
Center (USGS, NWHC) (Website of). Avian influenza maps. Madison, WI: USGS, NWHC. Available at www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information1/avian_influenza/
avian_influenza_maps.jsp
(accessed August 3, 2006).
This National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) Website
provides links to avian influenza (AI) maps created by the NWHC or by other
sources such as the United Nations Development Group (UNDP), the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the European
Commission, and others. Types of maps include but are not limited to
interactive AI incidence, outbreak updates, human and animal cases, and bird
migration flyways. Health communicators may access these for publications and presentations. (13)
Thank
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